PURPOSE
Considering the growing shortage of corneal tissues for research, the present study aimed to develop and optimize a porcine cornea model with qualitative features comparable to those of human tissues.

METHODS
A new decontamination procedure of porcine eye bulbs was set up and its efficacy as well as endothelial mortality were evaluated. Human corneas unsuitable for transplant and porcine corneas were then compared after storage under hypothermic (4–8°C, Eusol-C, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L) or organ-culture (31–35°C, Tissue-C, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L) storage conditions for 14 days. A new method, based on the semi-automatic analysis of Trypan-blue stained endothelial areas by Fiji software, was developed to quantify the whole endothelium viability.
Corneas were assessed for central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal transparency, endothelial morphology, and endothelial cell density (ECD) at days 0, 7, and 14 of storage. Portions of lamellar tissues consisting of Descemet’s membrane and endothelial cells were prepared for histological investigations.

RESULTS
The new decontamination procedure of porcine eye bulbs resulted in 18% versus 89% (“no decontamination” control) of corneas still contaminated after 28 days of storage at 31°C. The decontamination protocol did not affect endothelium viability, as assessed by the new Fijibased method. ECD (porcine: 3156 ± 144 cells/mm2; human: 2287 ± 152 cells/mm2), CCT (porcine: 1073 ± 151 μm; human: 581 ± 39 μm), transparency (porcine: 88.6 ± 11.0 %; human: 76.3 ± 5.4 %), and morphology score (porcine: 4.0 ± 0.0; human: 3.2 ± 0.4) measured in the porcine cornea at day 0 were significantly higher than in human corneas. Nonetheless, the qualitative parameters of porcine and human corneas showed comparable trends during the storage under hypothermic (4–8°C) and organ-culture (31–35°C) conditions for 14 days.

CONCLUSIONS
The presented porcine cornea model represents a reliable and alternative model to human donor tissues for preliminary investigations and can be used for testing new media, substances, drugs, or preservation conditions and their impact on corneal tissue quality and safety. Furthermore, the quantitative method to assess whole endothelium mortality can be implemented at eye banks for the evaluation of corneas intended for transplantation.

PURPOSE
Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) is a frequently used treatment option for patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction.
The aim of this study was to set up a method to prepare porcine DMEK grafts and to simulate DMEK surgery in porcine eye bulbs in order to
establish an ex-vivo-model for laboratory investigations on DMEK surgery conditions.

METHODS
Ten (n=10) porcine eye bulbs from domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica), between 6 and 8 months old, were recovered at a local slaughterhouse, transported on ice and processed within 2 h after death. Porcine eye bulbs were decontaminated by immersion in 10 mL of 5% povidone-iodine and corneas were dissected under aseptic conditions, leaving approximately 2 mm of the scleral rim. DMEK grafts were prepared by means of mechanical stripping technique using specific surgical instruments for DMEK (Moria, France) on fresh corneas (n=2) and on corneas stored in Eusol-C (AL.CHI.MI.A. Srl, Italy) at 4°C for 7 days (n=4) and for 14 days (n=4). Endothelial cell (EC) density was compared before DMEK-preparation (specular and light microscopy on trypan blue stained tissues) and after DMEK-preparation (fluorescence microscopy on Calcein-AM stained tissues). DMEK graft injection was simulated in anterior chamber of fresh porcine eye bulbs.

RESULTS
The porcine DMEK grafts preparation resulted to be more challenging compared to human DMEK grafts. Despite similarity between human and porcine corneas, porcine Descemet membrane (DM) firmly adheres to the underlying stroma. DMEK grafts preparation was not successful at day 0; DMEK preparation was possible by mechanical stripping technique on corneas stored in Eusol-C for 7 and 14 days obtaining naturally rolled endo-out porcine DMEK grafts. An EC mortality increase up to 20% was observed on DMEK graft compared to initial whole corneal tissue. DMEK roll injection was successfully simulated in anterior chamber of the porcine eye bulb.

CONCLUSIONS
Naturally rolled DMEK endo-out grafts were successfully prepared by mechanical stripping technique on porcine corneal tissues stored in Eusol-C at 4°C (up to 14 days). DMEK Surgery including the tissue injection in anterior chamber could be simulated. Further studies will be performed to improve ex-vivo-porcine DMEK surgery model.

PURPOSE
To prove the safety and performance of the hypothermic corneal storage medium Corneal Chamber, containing Eusol-C solution (AL.CHI.MI.A. S.r.l.) and of the rinsing solution PSS-L (AL.CHI.MI.A. S.r.l.) in support to the new CE certification process in accordance to the EU 2017/745 Medical Device Regulation.

METHODS
Fifteen (n=15) human donor corneas unsuitable for transplantation and n=11 porcine corneas were evaluated for the following quality parameters: ECD, HEX%, CV%, endothelial morphology, endothelial mortality and transparency at day 0 and after 14±1 days (day 14) of storage in Corneal Chamber at 2-8°C. Then, corneas were rinsed in PSS-L for 1’ at room temperature (RT) and the same parameters were assessed Post Rinsing (Day 14PR). In order to evaluate the antimicrobial carryover after the corneal storage in Corneal Chamber(14 days at 4°C), gentamicin sulphate was quantified in human and porcine corneas homogenates by UHPLC.

RESULTS
Human and porcine corneas stored in Corneal Chamber at 2-8°C for 14 days showed a good overall quality of the tissue according to quality parameters evaluated. In particular, mean ECD, HEX% and CV% did not show statistically significant changes at the end of storage and endothelial mortality increased of 3.1±3.3 % in human corneas and 7.8±3.5 % in porcine corneas. Slight variations in endothelial morphology score and corneal transparency were observed. Rinsing with PSS-L did not negatively affect the quality parameters evaluated before and after rinsing and gentamicin sulfate residues were completely removed.

CONCLUSIONS
The storage of corneal tissues in Corneal Chamber at 2-8°C for 14 days and the corneal rinse with 30 ml of PSS-L at RT for 1 min are safe and
effective procedures allowing the preservation of the corneal quality parameters including ECD, endothelial mortality, endothelial morphology,
HEX%, CV%, and corneal transparency and the elimination of gentamicin sulfate from the tissues before transplantation.

PURPOSE
To compare endothelial cell density and morphometry, thickness, and transparency of corneas stored in Kerasave vs. Optisol-GS for 14 days.

METHODS
Mate corneas were recovered into Kerasave or Optisol-GS (27 pairs) and stored at 2-8°C for 14 days.
Endothelial cell density (ECD), hexagonality (HEX), and coefficient of variation (CV) were evaluated by specular microscopy, and central corneal thickness (CCT) was examined by OCT after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of storage. Corneal transparency was scored using slit-lamp examination at days 1 and 14.

RESULTS
Average ECD, HEX, and CV for the Kerasave (2653±303, 57±4, 36±3) and Optisol-GS (2623±306, 57±5, 36±4) groups were not significantly different at day 1. There was also no difference at any other study timepoints (P>0.05 for all). ECD did not significantly change from day 1 to day 14 in either group (P>0.05), but a statistically significant change in HEX and CV was observed between day 1 and day 14 in both groups (P<0.01). Average CCT measured at day 1 for corneas stored in Kerasave was 622±49 and those stored in Optisol-GS was 580±35 (P<0.01). The difference in CCT measurements was not significant different at day 14 (674±46 v. 647±58, P>0.05). Corneal transparency was not significantly different between the two groups at day 1 or day 14.

CONCLUSION
Endothelial cell density, endothelial morphometry, and corneal transparency were not different in corneas stored in Kerasave or Optisol-GS for 14 days.
Optisol-GS was initially better at thinning the cornea than Kerasave. These results suggest that Kerasave is a viable alternative to Optisol-GS for corneal storage.