Methods: Serial dilutions of perfluorooctanoid acid, 1H,1H,7H-dodecafluoro-1- heptanol, 1H,1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctane, 1H perfluorooctan; ethylbenzene, paraxylene, perfluotobutyfurane, and hexafluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobutane were tested by direct contact cytotoxicity test using BALB3T3 and ARPE19 cell lines, after application on 59% of the area for 24 h.

Results: Traces of paraxylene, ethylbenzene, and PFOA (≤30ppm) induced severe toxicity in both cell lines. Hexafluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobutane and H,1H,7H-Dodecafluoro-1-heptanol were cytotoxic at approximately 10000 ppm. 1H perfluorooctan was cytotoxic at approximately 60000 ppm. High concentrations of 1H,1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctane and perfluotobutyfurane were not cytotoxic.

Conclusions: Six out of eight perfluorocarbon manufacturing process residuals showed cytotoxicity in the direct contact test according to ISO 10993-5. Paraxylene, ethylbenzene, and PFOA were the most cytotoxic compounds. 1H,1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctane and perfluotobutyfurane were not cytotoxic.

Methods: BALB3T3 and ARPE19 cell lines were cultured in 96-well plates for direct contact cytotoxicity test of 22%, 59%, and 83% contact areas and 2.5, 12, and 24 h contact times. Cell morphology was graded by light microscopy. Cell viability was quantified by MTT assay in ARPE19 cells and neutral red uptake viability assay for BALB3T3. 1-H perfluorooctane (1H PFO) and purified perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.

Results: Qualitative evaluation showed that positive control induced the presence of severe reactivity zones, resulting in 2.2 to 3.0 grading score, and cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5 in all tested conditions. Quantitative evaluation of 1H PFO applied on 22%, 59%, and 83% contact areas corresponded to 14–26%, 84–96%, and 86–99% cell mortality ranges, respectively. No cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5 was detected in tested cell lines, when 1H PFO was applied on a 22% area at the tested time intervals. The negative control was not cytotoxic with both approaches in all tested conditions.

Conclusions: Direct contact cytotoxicity test according to ISO 10993-5 of PFCLs was validated quantitatively and qualitatively, using ARPE19 and BALB 3T3 cell lines and covering 59% of the cell surface areas for 24 h of contact time. Test conditions using a smaller contact area could not be validated.

Purpose: To report the surgical results of primary pseudophakic  rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with only inferior retinal breaks (IRBs) repaired by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone and complete drainage of subretinal fluid.

Design: Prospective, interventional cohort study.

Participants: A total of 147 consecutive pseudophakic eyes of 147 patients with primary RRD with causative inferior breaks.

Methods: All eyes underwent PPV alone and complete drainage of subretinal fluid, with air, 20% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), or 12% perfluoropropane (C3F8) as tamponade and with no face-down position in the postoperative period.

Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative primary and final anatomic outcome, visual acuity, and complications.

Results: The patient population consisted of 44 women (30%) and 103 men (70%) with a mean age of 60.8
12.9 years. The mean follow-up period was 24.9
19.4 months. The mean number of quadrants affected was 2.4 (range, 1e4). A single break was present in 90 cases (61.2%), and 2 to 4 breaks were present in 57 cases (38.8%). The macula was found to be detached in 118 cases (80.3%) and attached in 29 cases (19.7%) intraoperatively.
Of 152 breaks located between 5 and 7 clock-hours, 124 breaks (81.6%) were located outside the limits of the gas bubble on the first or third day postoperatively. Initial reattachment was achieved in 139 cases (94.5%; 95% confidence interval, 89.5e97.6). Final reattachment was achieved in 147 cases (100%). Two cases (1.3%) redetached because of new or missed retinal breaks. Six cases (4.1%) redetached because of incomplete retinal adhesion of the treated break(s). Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 1.11
0.59 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). The mean final postoperative BCVA was 0.42
0.33 logMAR.

Conclusions: Pars plana vitrectomy alone with complete drainage of subretinal fluid achieves a high reattachment rate in the management of primary pseudophakic RRD due to IRBs.

Abstract: Interactions between perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) or perfluorodecalin (PFD) and heavy silicone oil (HSO, either alkane or ether) were studied in vitro by incubating fluids for 7 days at regulated temperatures.

The samples were divided into two groups: Group A, PFCL (PFO or PFD) + 5 ml of HSO (silicone oil + alkane or ether); Group B, HSO (silicone oil + alkane or ether) without perfluorocarbons (PFCLs).

Each sample was kept at 36°C for 7 days. HSOs were then removed with a 20 G, 7 mm-long cannula under 600 mm Hg of vacuum pressure at two different temperatures: 36 and 22°C. The time needed to remove the oils and the presence of opacity was recorded. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. In vitro, interactions between PFCLs and HSO oil led to the formation of hyper-viscous solutions with significant increase in aspiration time in Group A. (P = 0.006, Kruskal–Wallis test). Temperature was also found to affect HSOs’ saturation, as a decrease in temperature determined an increase in opacity and shear viscosity of the solution (P = 0.02, Kruskal–Wallis test).

No differences between alkane and ether (P = 0.74) and perfluoro-n-octane and perfluorodecalin (P=0.56) was found. In conclusion, interactions between PFCL–HSO and variation in temperature lead to the formation of hyper-viscous solutions that could be described as “sticky oil”.

Abstract: Double filling tamponade was performed in 30 eyes of 30 patients by 30% perfluoro-n-octane and 70% RS-OIL 1000 cS for an average of 23 days, after expanding the vitreous cavity with HPF10 perfluorodecalin.

The follow-up visits were scheduled 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), PVR reproliferation, and electrophysiological parameters.

The primary success rate was 80% (24/30). Fourteen patients (46.7%) had a postoperative improvement in visual acuity, 12 patients (40.0%) maintained their preoperative visual acuity, and four patients (13.3%) experienced a reduction in visual acuity. In conclusion, our experience with double filling in selected cases of retinal detachment was positive.

No electroretinographic signs of retinal toxicity and a low incidence of PVR reproliferation were observed.

Abstract: Two novel asymmetric liquid perfluorocarbons (aPFCL) (AL.CHI.MI.A. S.r.l., Italy), alone or in combination with silicone oil (PDMS), were investigated in the rabbit model in comparison with silicone oil, F6H8 and Densiron 68.
Among the investigated compounds, only the mixture (aPFCL)/PDMS did not show retinal toxicity.

Abstract: The study performed by the University of Miami indicated that a novel Perfluorocarbon Liquid polymer (AL.CHI.MI.A. S.r.l., Italy) does not emulsify and is well tolerated in the rabbit model for 4 months and potentially could be effectively used in vitreoretinal surgery as a vitreous substitute.

Abstract: The biocompatibility and stability of novel biodegradable “heavier than water” vitreous substitutes (Alchimia Srl, Italy) were investigated in the rabbit model. The pilot study indicated that biodegradable neo-PFCL might potentially become part of the vitreous surgery armamentarium.